Public Health and Page Ref Essay Example

Public Health and Page Ref Paper Access to Health, 13e (Donatelle) Chapter 1 Accessing Your Health 1) Which of the following individual choices has a major effect on both current health and projected life expectancy? A) Genetic tendency toward obesity. B) Pollution C) Level of education D) Smoking Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Analyzing 2) The medical model of health would most likely focus on which of the following? A) Controlling air and water pollution B) Lifestyle interventions to prevent chronic diseases C) Treating bacterial infections with antibiotics D) Serving marginalized populations Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Understanding 3) The number of years a person is anticipated to live based on conditions at the time of birth is A) life expectancy. B) population control. C) mortality. D) morbidity. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 4) Which of the following were cited by college students in a national survey as major impediments to performing well academically? A) Pressure from parents and family members B) Stress, anxiety, and sleep difficulties C) Repeated strep infections D) Carrying a too-heavy course load Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Understanding/Analyzing 1 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) What is the leading cause of death in the United States across all age groups? A) Heart disease B) Cancer C) Cerebrovascular disease D) Unintentional injuries Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 6) Which of the following describes the rate of deaths within a certain population? A) Prevalence B) Life expectancy C) Mortality D) Morbidity Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 7) Heart disease, cancer, and diabetes are examples of A) chronic disease. B) hereditary disease. C) communicable disease. D) acute disease. Answer: A We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health and Page Ref specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health and Page Ref specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health and Page Ref specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Remembering 8) SINCE THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY, THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF AMERICANS HAS A) increased by more than 10 years. B) increased by more than 20 years. C) increased by more than 30 years. D) increased by more than 40 years. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 9) Healthy life expectancy refers to the number of years a person can expect to live A) while covered by Medicare. B) without chronic pain, disability, or significant illness. C) without pain or short-term or long-term disability. D) without cancer or diabetes. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Remembering 2 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10) Life expectancy 100 years ago was largely determined by A) medical history. B) lifestyle choices. C) susceptibility to chronic disease. D) susceptibility to infectious disease. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding/Evaluating 11) The term health is often interchangeable with the term A) adaptability. B) flexibility. C) wellness. D) pain-free. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Remembering 12) Jerome eats healthy foods, exercises regularly, gets eight hours of sleep each night, and rarely becomes ill. His ability to ward off illness is related to which dimension of health? A) Social B) Intellectual C) Physical D) Emotional Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Applying 13) Jasmine has many friends, is respected by her coworkers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others exemplifies which dimension of health? A) Social B) Intellectual C) Emotional D) Physical Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Applying 14) Rashid volunteers weekly to help pick up trash in his neighborhood. This action contributes to improving which dimension of his health? A) Intellectual. B) Social C) Environmental D) Spiritual Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applying 3 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15) Which of the following best describes emotional health? A) Ability to be self-sufficient B) Ability to solve problems C) Ability to express or control feelings D) Ability to adapt to various social situations Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 16) An example of intellectual health is A) having a sense of meaning and purpose in your life. B) successfully interacting with others. C) having low self-efficacy. D) having a healthy curiosity about life in general. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 17) Which of the following best describes spiritual health? A) Possessing and expressing a purpose in life B) Expressing emotions C) Having satisfying relationships D) Being able to reason and think objectively Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 18) A multidimensional concept of health that includes elements of physical, mental, emotional, and social function is A) physical and emotional health. B) holistic health care. C) health-related quality of life. D) healthy life expectancy. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding. 19) The first step in modifying your health behavior to achieve overall wellness is to A) review your medical records and schedule a physical examination by a doctor. B) become aware of individual behaviors that contribute to or detract from your health. C) complete a detailed behavior change contract. D) find a reliable support person or support group. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Understanding 4 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20) Holistic wellness involves A) integrating mind, body, and spiritual components. B) taking nutritional supplements daily. C) combining exercise with some form of meditation. D) consuming organic foods and being treated by a naturopathic doctor. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applying 21) The range of factors that influence a persons health status are known as A) ethnic or cultural traditions. B) determinants of health. C) age-related conditions. D) genetic influences on health. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 22) Determinants of health include A) personal, social, economic, and environmental factors. B) physical, intellectual, spiritual, and cultural factors. C) nutritional, social, financial, and environmental factors. D) genetic and lifestyle factors. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 23) Which of the following methods is an example of successful lifestyle change? A) Making a New Years resolution to stop smoking again after failing in the past B) Creating a demanding workout plan in hopes of someday losing weight C) Beginning a daily walking program and gradually increasing your time and distance D) Stopping smoking cold turkey Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applying 24) Jackson made a goal to quit smoking by the end of the year through a lot of hard work and willpower. When he achieved this goal, he bought himself a new car. This is an example of A) repeated enabling. B) social reinforcement. C) positive reinforcement. D) negative reinforcement. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding/Applying 5 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 25) Moving from thinking about starting an exercise program to joining a club, working with a trainer to set goals, and showing up for workouts is an example of which model of behavior change? A) Health belief model B) Social cognitive model C) Transtheoretical model D) Contemplation model Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Understanding 26) Tasks that are necessary for normal functioning in society are known as A) activities of daily living. B) high-level tasks. C) low-level tasks. D) vocational activities. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Remembering 27) Mark is a junior in college and plans to move to his own apartment before his senior year. He hopes to quit drinking, get more sleep, and spend more time exercising and studying instead of spending so much of his free time on Facebook. The best plan for Mark to succeed is for him to A) make a chart with an algorithm for coordinating all the changes. B) try to change all of his bad behaviors at once. C) select the most important behavior to change and take things one step at a time. D) worry about changing behaviors later because hell have plenty of time to change after he finishes college. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17-18 Skill: Applying 28) Which of the following factors would be considered a nonmodifiable determinant of health? A) Sexual behavior B) Sleep habits C) Geographic location D) Genetics Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Understanding 6 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 29) Which of the following is an example of a belief? A) Disliking the smell of cigarette smoke B) Thinking that smoking is unhealthy and causes cancer C) Being happy no one is smoking near you D) Understanding that smoking has become more prevalent among teenagers Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Understanding 30) Marissa has tried to quit smoking several times but ultimately failed because she lost motivation and didnt believe she could succeed. Which of the following may have contributed to her failure? A) She has a strong internal locus of control. B) She has high self-efficacy. C) She has a strong external locus of control. D) She has a strong, positive support group. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19-20 Skill: Analyzing 31) Because both of Johns parents smoke, John has a higher-than-average chance of being a smoker. This is an example of A) a reinforcing factor. B) a predisposing factor. C) a confirming factor. D) an enabling factor. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Understanding 32) Which of the following best describes an enabling factor? A) Living near a hiking trail when you want to begin a walking program B) Nagging your parents because they smoke C) Encouraging your spouse to go to the fitness club with you. D) Having friends who dont exercise, but you want to start a fitness program Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Understanding 33) Poor housing, lack of funds for adequate food and clothes, and insecure employment are which type of factors that negatively affect human health? A) Biological B) Economic C) Behavioral D) Genetic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding 7 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 34) Carrie grew up in an active family. Now that Carrie lives on her own, her family continues to check in to see if she is making time for exercise. They praise her for joining a fitness club and  keeping to a workout schedule. This is an example of A) a predisposing factor. B) a confirming factor. C) a reinforcing factor. D) an enabling factor. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Applying 35) Which model explains why a young woman who smokes is NOT likely to quit because she does not think she will get lung disease, and quitting will result in weight gain? A) Health belief model B) Social cognitive model C) Transtheoretical model D) Behavior change model Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applying 36) Marias husband has agreed to join her in an exercise program. Theyve scheduled times to meet to run at a local park. This is an example of A) reward. B) social support. C) enabling. D) readiness. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20-21 Skill: Applying 37) Agents in the physical environment that can be harmful to health include which of the following? A) Minerals B) Toxins C) Water D) Nutrients Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding 8 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 38) Which of the following groups of actions would most likely reduce a persons risk of premature death? A) Not smoking, avoiding junk foods, and maintaining a healthy weight. B) Wearing a seat belt only when driving on the freeway and avoiding second-hand smoke C) Using natural dietary supplements, working the night shift, and spending frugally D) Avoiding excessive sun exposure and seeing at least two specialists each year Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Analyzing 39) Setting achievable and incremental goals and rewarding yourself for progress are proven tips for maintaining A) ongoing support from others. B) motivation for behavior change. C) an outstanding academic record. D) a lower body-mass index. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 19. Skill: Understanding 40) Selective smoking bans and child restraint laws designed to protect the health of citizens are examples of A) publicity campaigns. B) public policies. C) profiling. D) public health research. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding/Applying 41) The perceived source or cause (internal or external) of events in a persons life is known as his or her A) locus of control. B) ability to reason. C) stages of behavior change. D) sense of victimization. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Understanding 9 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 42) Jules is trying to lose weight. When she craves a high-fat treat from the local ice cream shop, she is prepared to allow herself a cup of low-fat frozen yogurt in her favorite flavor. The tactic she is using to avoid eating more calories is A) rewarding. B) manipulating. C) negotiating. D) countering. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applying 43) An example of shaping is A) starting with small changes in behavior and gradually increasing the changes. B) using specific exercises to mold your body to a desired image. C) trying to influence your younger brothers behavior with rewards. D) watching a friends behavior and then trying to mimic him or her. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Applying 44) Using rational, positive statements and deliberately blocking negative thoughts are ways to avoid negative A) influences. B) actions. C) self-talk. D) awareness. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applying 45) Visualizing yourself successfully losing 15 pounds by choosing healthy foods at your favorite restaurant is an example of A) situational inducement. B) planned control. C) imagined rehearsal. D) modeling. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Understanding/Applying. 10 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 46) Rewarding yourself for reaching your weight loss goal with a trip to Hawaii is an example of which type of reinforcer? A) Activity B) Possessional C) Manipulative D) Social Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding/Applying 47) Observing a friends success at quitting smoking has helped you to quit a few months later, which demonstrates the process of A) copying. B) shaping. C) mirroring. D) modeling. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Applying 48) Carlos wants to avoid overeating and eating unhealthy food. Because of this, he may decline  invitations when his friends ask him to join them at a fast food restaurant. Which method is Carlos using to control the risk of overeating? A) Modeling B) Imagined rehearsal C) Consumable reinforcer D) Situational inducement Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applying 49) Which of the following is the best example of a realistic, specific, and attainable goal? A) I will lose a lot of weight. B) I will lose 1 pound a week over the next four weeks. C) I will lose 10 pounds if I start exercising. D) I will lose 10 pounds if I start exercising and stop eating after 8:00 p. m. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Understanding/Applying 11 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 50) Lower health insurance rates for nonsmokers serves as which type of reinforcer? A) Possessional B) Manipulative C) Social D) Activity Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding/Evaluating 51) Behavior is a nonmodifiable determinant. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Remembering 52) Health disparities are differences in the levels of health and disease among specific population groups, such as the low-income or uninsured. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14-15 Skill: Understanding. 53) More people across all age groups die from cancer than any other chronic disease. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 54) Daily choices influence an individuals health status and well-being. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Understanding 55) The medical model of health focuses on the individuals reaction to his or her social and physical environment. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Understanding 56) In the early 1900s, the ecological model or public health model became a major focus of health investigation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6-7. Skill: Remembering 57) Effectively controlling anger demonstrates intellectual health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applying 12 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 58) The primary goal of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 is to provide access to health insurance for millions of uninsured Americans. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Understanding 59) Today, quality of life is recognized as being as important as years of life. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding 60) ACCORDING TO MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY STATISTICS, IN THE 21ST CENTURY, A PERSON IS MORE LIKELY TO  die from an infectious disease rather than from a chronic disease. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 61) Tran is a 47-year-old-male who suffered a knee injury in high school while playing football. This injury is a biological determinant of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Understanding 62) The average life expectancy for an American child born in 2012 is 78. 5 years. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Remembering 63) Obesity creates a burden on the overall U. S. economy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding. 64) Mortality is defined as the proportion of deaths to the population. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Remembering 65) Under the Affordable Care Act, new health plans are banned from imposing deductibles. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Understanding 13 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 66) Life expectancy may decline in coming years due to the prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding 67) Today, the concept of adaptability is a key element in the overall definition of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7-8. Skill: Understanding 68) Believing that you will be able to run two mile miles without stopping by the end of the semester demonstrates self-efficacy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Applying 69) A person who has the attitude, knowledge, skills, and resources to make change possible possesses ambition. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Understanding 70) Learning communication and relationship skills can enhance the social dimension of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9 Skill: Applying 71) Having high self-esteem always improves the intellectual dimension of health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 72) Losing your temper because someone said something that made you angry demonstrates an external locus of control. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Applying 73) Developing better problem-solving and decision-making skills enhances the emotional dimension of health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 14 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 74) Positive reinforcers are punishments for not accomplishing goals. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding. 75) Actions taken or changes in behavior designed to treat an existing illness are part of disease prevention. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Understanding 76) Spiritual health encompasses more than simply religious beliefs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 77) Attaining the optimal level of well-being for your unique limitations and strengths is known as wellness. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 78) Adolescent teens having access to cigarette vending machines is an example of a positive reinforcing factor that can influence smoking behavior. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applying 79) Healthy People 2020 is the Surgeon Generals health promotion plan to improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 80) Global warming, decreased water supplies, and toxic chemicals are serious health threats with far-reaching effects worldwide. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding 81) Risk behaviors are those actions that increase the likelihood of negative health outcomes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Understanding 15. Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 82) The Summary Plan Description (SPD) explains covered services, benefits, deductibles, copays, and network rules under a specific health insurance plan. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Understanding 83) A reinforcing factor of your weight management program would be having your clothes fit better. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applying 84) Locus of control may be internal or external. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19-20 Skill: Understanding 85) Asking your doctor to help you obtain the lowest-cost care is inappropriate. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Applying 86) A consumable reinforcer could be a healthy edible item that you enjoy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding 87) The three components of the social cognitive model of behavior change are thoughts, behavior, and genetics. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Understanding 88) When a person who wants to eat healthier and lose weight clears out unhealthy foods from the refrigerator and pantry, this is an example of situational inducement. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Understanding 89) Economic status and geographic location have very little influence on a persons health status. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Understanding 16 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 90) Obesity, sedentary lifestyles, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and illegal drug use result in direct and indirect costs to society. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5-6 Skill: Evaluating 91) List and briefly explain the six steps of the transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change. Answer: 1. Precontemplation no current intention to change. 2. Contemplation recognizing there is a problem but not yet planning to change. 3. Preparation coming up with a plan for change. 4. Action taking real steps to achieve goals. 5. Maintenance continues to make changes a permanent part of life. 6. Termination new behavior has become part of daily living, so ongoing vigilance may not be needed. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Understanding/Applying 92) Explain the purpose of a behavior change contract and how it can help you make a positive change. Answer: A behavior change contract functions as a promise to yourself, a public declaration of  your intentions, an organized plan for change, a way to identify barriers to change and determine how to overcome them, a list of sources of support, and a reminder of the benefits of sticking to your plan. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Understanding/Applying 93) Compare and contrast the medical model and public health models of health. Answer: The medical model focuses on the individual, his or her tissues and organs, and the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The public health model (also known as the ecological model) views diseases and negative health events as resulting from an individual interacting with  his or her social and physical environment. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6-7 Skill: Analyzing 94) Explain the nature of SMART goals. Answer: SMART goals are: Specific with a defined outcome Measurable can be objectively observed and measured Action-oriented involve specific tasks or actions Realistic are likely to be accomplished Time-oriented involve the commitment of a specific amount of time Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Remembering 17 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 95) When analyzing your behavior prior to making a change, which factors must you examine before making your plan? Answer: You should examine your current health habit and patterns, including: How long has the behavior been going on? How frequently does the behavior occur? How serious are the short-term and long-term consequences of this behavior? Why have you continued this problematic behavior? What kinds of situations trigger the behavior? Are other people involved? If yes, how do they influence your behavior? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Understanding/Applying 96) What is self-efficacy, and why is it important in making a behavior change? Answer: Self-efficacy is an individuals belief that he or she is capable of performing a task  successfully and of achieving specific goals. If an individual approaches a behavior change with a high level of self-efficacy, his or her chances of success will be much greater. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Understanding/Applying 97) Differentiate between the health belief model, social cognitive model, and transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change. Answer: 1. The health belief model addresses three factors that must exist before a person can make a change: the perceived seriousness of the potential health problem; the perceived susceptibility to  the problem, and cues to action, alerts or reminders to take preventive action. 2. The social cognitive model is based on the concept that three elements interact to motivate and enable change: a persons thoughts, behaviors, and the social environment. 3. The transtheoretical model views change in six stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14-16 Skill: Analyzing 98) You want to improve your health by initiating an exercise program. Describe at least three ways you can maintain your motivation for regular exercise. Answer: Any three of the following: Pick one specific behavior to change and assess that behavior. Set achievable, incremental goals. Reward yourself for achieving goals. Anticipate and avoid barriers and temptations. Remind yourself why you want to change. Enlist help and support from others. Dont be discouraged by relapses, just get back on track. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Applying 18 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 99) List at least three common barriers to behavior change. Answer: Any three of the following: Setting overambitious goals Holding on to self-defeating beliefs and attitudes. Not accurately assessing your current state of wellness or fitness Not having adequate support or guidance Allowing negative emotions to sabotage your efforts Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Understanding 100) Define self-talk and explain how you can use it to help your efforts toward change. Answer: Self-talk is your usual manner of thinking and talking to yourself (the voice in your head) that can affect your self-image and behavior. Deliberately changing your self-talk can have a big influence on behavior change by: Using rational, positive statements Blocking or stopping negative thoughts when they occur  Not dwelling on negative thoughts or images and focusing on more positive, uplifting, and encouraging thoughts Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22-23 Skill: Understanding/Applying 19 Copyright  ©Ã‚   2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homograph Examples

Homograph Examples Homograph Examples Homograph Examples By Sharon Homographs are words with different pronunciation, meanings and origins but the same spelling. They are not to be confused with homonyms, homophones and heteronyms. In order to work out which pronunciation and which meaning is appropriate, you need to be aware of the context. Here are a few homographs and their meanings: agape with mouth open OR love bass type of fish OR low, deep voice bat - piece of sports equipment OR an animal bow type of knot OR to incline down a lower place OR soft fluff on a bird entrance the way in OR to delight evening smoothing out OR after sunset fine of good quality OR a levy learned past tense of learn OR knowledgeable minute tiny OR unit of time moped was gloomy OR motorcyle number more numb OR numerical value row line OR argument OR propel a boat sewer drain OR person who sews wave move the hand in greeting OR sea water coming into shore wound past tense of wind OR to injure Linguist John Higgins has prepared a comprehensive list of homographs in various categories, including those where the meanings are related but the part of speech and pronunciation change. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†50 Types of PropagandaPeople vs. Persons

Charles dickens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Charles dickens - Essay Example Dickens’ uses the setting communicate Nell’s emotions to the reader. Nell’s mood is reflected by the streets and rooftops of London. As Nell keeps her anxious vigil, the window serves as Nell’s peephole into the life of the outside world. The lonely child has no lively companions of her own age and no parents. She spends most of her time waiting for her grandfather’s return form his trips outside the shop. As she gazes on the windows of the houses facing her, she wonders about the lives which go on in those rooms. Nell projects her loneliness on to the setting and wonders â€Å"whether those rooms were as lonesome as that in which she sat.† Her loneliness is further emphasized by her perception that the people living in those rooms do not want her company, as she sees â€Å"them look out and draw in their heads again.† She interprets their failure to communicate with her as a sign of their rejection. In spite of this rejection, the str eet is Nell’s only glimpse of life and she is sorry when night falls and her tableaux of the world comes to an end. She is forced to return to the â€Å"dull† room, in which â€Å"everything was in its place and hadn't moved.† Here again, the room’s setting is used by Dickens to communicate the unchanging routine and boredom of the little girl’s days. ... As Nell looks at the â€Å"crooked stack of chimneys on one of the roofs,† she sees in her imagination the â€Å"ugly faces that were frowning over at her and trying to peer into the room.† This is an example of Dickens’ powerful imagery in his settings. The image of the ugly faces staring disapprovingly at Nell is a metaphor for the threat of bankruptcy and evil hovering over her life in the guise of Daniel Quilp. Dickens also uses the sombre setting to convey to the reader his characteristic criticism of the poor living quarters and the squalid environment of London. In this context, the evil-looking chimney stacks may be seen as a metaphor for the smoke-spewing monster of industrialization. Dickens’ attitude is reflected in Nell’s plea to her grandfather to exchange life in London with a life in the country where they can â€Å"walk through country places, and sleep in fields and under trees† and â€Å"work in open roads or fields.† The dark and gloomy streets of London outside Nell’s window symbolize the dark side of city life. Dickens’ setting in this passage connects to the next chapter in the novel. In the shadows of the street below, Kit lingers, standing guard over his precious Nell. His attention is totally focused on her window. As Nell keeps anxious vigil at her window, Kit keep his own vigil over her. Nell â€Å"is sitting alone at that window,† while Kit remains â€Å"watching in the open street for fear any harm should come to her† (Dickens, Chapter 10). This is a very poignant depiction of Kit’s love for Nell. Dickens cleverly links his setting in this passage in Chapter 9 with the following chapter to move

Science fiction and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science fiction and film - Essay Example Sci-fi films are absolute with heroes, far-flung planets, impracticable quests, dubious settings, incredible places, enormous dark and shadowy villains, revolutionary technology and gizmos and mysterious and bizarre forces. Many other Science Fiction Films feature time travels or extraordinary journeys, and are set either on Earth, in outer space or most frequently into the future time. Like the mainstream of the unsurpassed science fiction, Blade Runner does not relate to the typical false-scientific package of cryptic and difficult to understand jargon. In this regard, science fiction movies, although apparently hinting the opposite with their depictions of aliens and high-end technology, question the very nature of humanity; what, in essence, does it mean to be a human? What elements constitute the very essence of consciousness? This is why directors are able to express themselves with greater freedom in science fiction movies than through fiction, giving them science fiction movies an obvious benefit over their fiction counterparts. The very aspect is explored in Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner. The movie brings to the movie world a theatrical piece that combines human, childlike innocence and ingenuousness to a machine-like strength and ruthlessness. This sets the film in a class of its own, as the most excellent science fiction probes the spirit of life us ing differences out of the bounds of our contemporary world as a fuel to sustain the story (Blade Runner 2000). The movie is unique not only in presenting the typical science fiction traits in a subtly advanced and novel manner but also in the various dynamic themes and questions that have been embedded in it. The movie is set in the year 2019. The human race is on an exodus, from the earth to newly colonized places elsewhere in the universe. However since the exploration of space is a daunting task, androids known as replicants have been invented for the purpose of exploration. As with the

According to Schmidt and Mandel Essay Example for Free

According to Schmidt and Mandel Essay Sepsis is an inflammatory systemic response to infection. The symptoms are produced by the host’s defense systems rather than by the invading pathogens (Schouten et al. , 2008). Sepsis is a frequent cause of admission to intensive care units (ICUs) and it is one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients (Alberti et al. , 2003). It is a public health concern and it continues to be a burden on the healthcare system (Ely, Kleinpell and Goyette, 2003). Despite advancing medical technology, the rate of patients in intensive care units diagnosed with sepsis is continually increasing. According to Schmidt and Mandel (2009), even when optimal treatment is provided, morbidity due to severe sepsis or septic shock is approximately 40 percent and can exceed 50 percent in the most critically ill patients. Early recognition of sepsis and sepsis-associated infections is essential to treating and controlling it from escalating to advanced stages that are associated with higher mortality rates (Lukaszewski et al. , 2008). Unlike other diseases or trauma, the initial signs and symptoms of sepsis are subtle and can easily be missed by health care practitioners. See more: Homeless satire essay Sepsis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade along with downregulation of anticoagulant systems and fibrinolysis (Schouten et al. , 2008). This cycle becomes exaggerated because inflammation induced coagulation produces further inflammation. Sepsis is associated with hypovolemia, hypotension and endothelial dysfunction. The following report will examine a patient’s course of illness during her stay in the ICU at XXXX. This paper will provide a discussion on the patient and her past Running Head: Sepsis medical history, the pathophysiology of sepsis, the clinical manifestations of sepsis, the patient’s clinical course, and finally, a summary and critique of the case management. Patient Information Mrs. E is a 73 year old female with an extensive past medical history. According to her medical chart, her history includes type II diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, hypoglycemia, chronic kidney disease (due to hypertension and diabetic nephropathy), hyperuricemia and gastritis. She has a history of breast and uterine cancer. As a result, she has undergone a left lumpectomy and she has had a hysterectomy. Mrs. E. is an ex-smoker and she has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In June 2009, Mrs. E. was being investigated for transaminitis, and an MRI in the same month suggested a periampullary mass. She underwent Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography (ERCP) on August 26, 2009 at Trillium Health Centre in Mississauga. The ERCP results indicated papillary fibrosis and stenosis; however no masses or stones were discovered. Mrs. E. presented to the emergency department at Trillium Health Centre on August 27, 2009 in septic shock due to an intra-abdominal source. She was then taken to the operating room for a laprotomy for cholecystitis. It was discovered during surgery that Mrs. E. had a gangrenous gallbladder. The surgery team drained a supraphrenic abscess, sutured the intestine and repaired a ventral hernia. She was then admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at Trillium Health Centre. During her stay in the ICU, cultures were taken on successive days that confirmed Klebsiella, pneumonia, and sepsis. She was treated with ceftriaxone and flagyl. Mrs. E’s renal function progressively worsened and her creatinine steadily rose. She developed thrombocytopenia due to sepsis. Mrs. E. began to become less responsive to furosemide treatments and was diagnosed with acute renal failure. As a result she was transferred to xxxxxx for hemodialysis. Upon arrival to xxxxxxx, Mrs. E was intubated, ventilated and sedated. On initial examination, her heart rate (HR) was 88 BPM, blood pressure (BP) was 189/59 mmHg, temperature was 36. 7 degrees celsius, her respiratory rate (RR) was approximately 22 bpm, and her oxygen saturation was 97%. Mrs. E. had generalized pitting edema throughout her entire body. She also presented with periods of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and as a result was given amiodarone. The amiodarone infusion helped to bring Mrs. E back to normal sinus rhythm. On assessment, Mrs. E. had inspiratory crackles with decreased breath sounds to the left lower lobe of her lung, and ecchymosis of her upper extremities. Based on the evidence she presented with, including laboratory evidence, Mrs. E. was diagnosed by the renal physician at The Credit Valley Hospital with acute on chronic renal failure. The acute component was determined to be secondary to sepsis and hypertension perioperatively. Disease Process Pathophysiology Sepsis is a clinical condition that complicates a severe infection and is characterized by systemic inflammation and widespread tissue injury (Neviere, 2009). When coupled with acute organ dysfunction, sepsis can lead to severe life-threatening complications, including death (Lukaszewski, 2008). Individuals suffering from sepsis display signs of inflammation at tissue sites remote from the original insult such as vasodilation, increased microvascular permeability and leukocyte accumulation. During sepsis, the inflammatory response causes extensive damage to an individual’s microcirculation (Neligan, 2006). According to Schouten et al (2008), sepsis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade coupled with down-regulation of anticoagulation and fibrinolysis. An intricate link between inflammation and coagulation exists within the body (Neligan, 2006). When a pathogen is present in the bloodstream or when tissue injury occurs, an inflammatory response occurs. The response causes a stimulation of the immune system to produce interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF? ) (Neligan, 2006). These cytokines are the main catalysts of the inflammatory response and cause the release of several agents including, interleukin-8, histamine, kinins, serotonin, selectins, and neutrophils. When the above compounds are activated, local vasodilation occurs, cytotoxic chemicals are released and the invading pathogen is destroyed (Neligan, 2006). The inflammatory response can be excessive at times and causes local cellular destruction (Neligan, 2006). In septic patients, damage to their own tissues occurs throughout the body in the vasculature and endothelium. The release of the proinflammatory cytokines, specifically IL-6, causes activation of the coagulation cascade (Neligan, 2006). Coagulation can be activated by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway following a particular tissue damaging event (Neligan, 2006). The intrinsic pathway is the slower of the two pathways and it requires that all factors are present within the blood for clotting to occur (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). However, when blood is exposed to a factor that resides under the damaged endothelium, called tissue factor (TF), the extrinsic pathway is activated (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). The extrinsic pathway is shorter than the intrinsic pathway as it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway. Each clotting pathway 6 requires ionic calcium and involves a series of procoagulants, and eventually forms a common factor X (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Within the extrinsic pathway, tissue factor binds to activated factor VII. The complex that results activates factors IX and X (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). When factor X has been activated, it complexes with calcium ions, PF3 and factor V to form prothrombin activator (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Prothrombin activator catalyzes the transformation of the plasma protein prothrombin to the thrombin, an active enzyme. Thrombin catalyzes the formation of fibrinogen and eventually into fibrin (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Thrombin, in the presence of calcium ions, activates factor III in order to bind the fibrin strands closely together (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). The last step in the normal clotting cascade is fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis is responsible for removing clots once the healing process is complete (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Without fibrinolysis, vessels have the potential to become completely blocked because clotting occurs continuously (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Plasmin, a digesting enzyme, is responsible for breaking clots (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). It is produced when the plasma protein plasminogen is activated. Plasminogen is incorporated into a forming clot, however it remains dormant until it is activated by an appropriate signal or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Activated factor XII and thrombin can also activate plasminogen. In a septic patient, the fibrolytic system is inhibited (Neligan, 2006). Cytokines and thrombin stimulate the release of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), from platelets and the endothelium (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Thrombin is an activator of inflammation and an inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Thrombomodulin, a modulator of fibrinolysis that activates protein C, is also impaired by inflammation and endothelial injury.

Traditional Values :: Personal Narrative

Traditional Values Traditional values can sometimes sway us to do wrong things parallel to our own personal beliefs. People, places, and things shape these values and cause us to surrender to situations that neither influence nor hold our interest. This is a scary concept: What if one of these situations put our life or someone else’s life in danger? This is a question that crossed my mind when I thought about conformity in my life. One memory in particular involves my football team. As did Langston Hughes in his experience with conformity, I too felt pressure from my peers to do something I didn’t want to do. During my sophomore year, my teammates wanted to take part in hazing a younger freshman football player. They asked me to help them take all of his equipment out of his locker, find him, and beat him up. This went against my personal beliefs. In no way did I want to take part in something that had to do with the humiliation of another teammate. Also, when I was younger, I had to go through the same thing, and it hurt me deeply. Then and now, I looked at my own embarrassment as something I don’t ever want to see someone else go through. Before I gave my answer to my teammates, other consequences rolled through my head; hazing is illegal, and if convicted, the offender would be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. I was doing well both on and off the field, so why mess it up? So I devised a plan. I would agree to help my teammates, but I would also agree to help the young freshman find his equipment and help him elude a vicious beat-down. â€Å"Well are you gonna help us or not?† the quarterback of my team impatiently asked.â€Å"Yeah sure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I said, â€Å"Just let me take care of everything ‘cause I really don’t like this kid.† He looked at me and smiled. â€Å"There you go, Taylor!† He turned to the posse of football players, â€Å"We got a sophomore that’s stepp’n up!† It was like I killed two birds with one stone and saved both my butt and the kid’s in one throw.

Students, faculty struggle with plagiarism in Internet era

In the postmodern society we have today, Internet-access Is a natural part of the everyday life. Not only have the Internet almost taken over people's lives, but apparently also their schoolwork and education. Due to the easy access to everything on the Internet, faculty at schools have trouble find-inning a dividing line, between what is cheating and what is not. An example of this was seen in a chemistry-class at the University of Wisconsin, where 42 students were accused of plagiarism. While all the students protested, none of the students seemed to know the seriousness of the situ-tool.This leads to the question: when Is something plagiarism? And what can one do to fix the cheating? Journalist, Todd Effeminately wrote the text â€Å"U students, faculty struggle with plagiarism in In-tern era† in 2010, and it was published in â€Å"the Capital Times†- newspaper. The sender of the art-clue, want to Inform the reader of the present Issue: plagiarism. The sender simply wants to notify the reader that plagiarism Is Illegal and wrong. This leads to the unknowing students, who tempt to take the short cut and use other people's work.The scary thing is that most students don't see the series- scenes of this problem – they simply don't consider it cheating. As Donald McCabe, professor at Rutgers University and co-founder of the International Center for Academic Integrity, explains it: â€Å"You're almost to the 50-50 mark right now, where almost half the students we survey don't see this as ‘moderate' or ‘serious' cheating. And the number that's growing Is the half who don't con-slider It cheating. † This quotation-use by the writer, appeals to the readers pathos: how come so many students don't see this wrongdoing?What have society done wrong to make this happen? Not only does Effeminately appeal to pathos, but he also appeals to ethos, which strengthens his reliability. HIS ethos Increases, with both the use of statistics and experts to comment on the Issue, for an example: â€Å"Donald McCabe, has been researching academic misconduct for 20 years, and he says Logos is also a penetrating form of appeal. It is used throughout the entire text, when Effeminately tries to convince the reader that plagiarism is an increasing crime.Because, of course plagiarism is wrong, and he proves it by referring to the majorities opinion: â€Å"most me to agree with the notion that plagiarism – taking the work of others and presenting It as your own – Is wrong†. Another appeal to logos Is his use of connectives in the text. Connectives make him look sure of his case, for an example when he uses â€Å"of course† in the end his contention: â€Å"Students who cheat are nothing new on college campuses, of course†. All of the examples above are all signs of hidden argumentation.Hidden problem, and agree with him at the same time. With the use of hidden argumentation, the reader is influence d in the wanted direction, most likely without ensign any form of manipulation. The signs of hidden argumentation is seen in the text, when the writer refers to experts, the majority of people's opinions and if the writer is general-sizing, which is all seen in this text. The way of the composition makes the text very floating – there is a good balance between claim and evidence in the argumentation.At the same time there is a perfect comprehensive use of experts to support the argumentation. Because of the formal and high-flown language used in the article, it is to conclude that the target roof for the text must be most suitable for the academic educated people. At the same time it is not unthinkable that the text also is meant for college-students around the world. Because of the theme and the conclusion in the text, you must assume that the text's purr-pose is to enlighten the students about the serious matter of the problem: plagiarism.One of the scary things to think ab out is the fact that young students cheat because they have doubt in themselves. Either, they don't realism how smart they are, or maybe they are Just scared of hard work and failure? In reality, the main reason why students cheat is because they: â€Å"didn't think they could accomplish what they wanted to any other way'. But is the goal really accomplished, when it is accomplished with fraud? Plagiarism is so common that some people even write papers in ex-change for money.As it is told in the article: â€Å"Professor Donald Downs (†¦ ) met a man who â€Å"told me he felt like he had taken my courses. † A puzzled Downs asked the man what he meant. â€Å"He told me, ‘Vive written about 20 papers for your In conclusion, what can one do to fix the cheating? According to the article the main season to fix cheating is by talking about it, even though the topic is sensitive: ;legalism is a very difficult conversation to have because nobody quite wants to talk about it,† (†¦ You can't work on this issue unless you talk about it. † The important thing is to enlighten students about this issue, because if the students really speak the truth: then how can it be considered cheating, if they truly don't know what plagiarism is? Enlighten is also the main purpose of this article: enlighten the world about plagiarism. Set a stop to plagiarism and accomplish your goals by yourself.